TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of Problem - - - - - - - 5
1.2 Objective of the Study - - - - - - - 6
1.3 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 7
1.4 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - 7
1.5 Research Questions - - - - - - - 8
1.6 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - 9
1.7 Limitation of the Study - - - - - - 10
1.8 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 13
2.2 Credit Classification - - - - - - - 13
2.2 Liquidity Requirement of Bank - - - - - 20
2.3 Overdraft - - - - - - - - - 25
2.4 Banking Risk - - - - - - - - 25
2.5 Credit Policy- - - - - - - - - 30
2.6 Defaults - - - - - - - - - 43
2.7 Causes / reason and Impacts of Loan Default - - 46
CHAPTER THREE:
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 52
3.2 Research Design - - - - - - - 52
3.3 Area of the Study - - - - - - - 53
3.4 Population of the Study - - - - - - 53
3.5 Population Sample are Sampling technique - - - 54
3.6 Instruments of Data Collection - - - - - 55
3.7 Instruments for Data Collection - - - - - 55
3.8 Reliability of the Instrument - - - - - 55
3.9 Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis - - - 56
3.10 Methods of Data Analysis - - - - - - 56
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 58
4.2 Characteristics of Respondents - - - - - 58
4.3 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - 63
4.4 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - 70
4.5 Discussion of Findings - - - - - - 71
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - 73
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 75
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - 75
References - - - - - - - - - 81
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Attempts to explain the operation of commercial banks began with the inception of banking institution. Lending has become a vital role in banking operations because of its direct effect on economic growth and business department. In most countries, banks and their lending activities have useful integrated into government policy formulation. As far as banks are concerned, their role as lenders is important as that of deposit taking into consideration; the interrelationship in banking system. All commercial banks have common attributes, they keep deposits for their customers, permit certain deposits to be transferred by cheques from an individual account to other accounts in any bank in the country, make loans and invest in government securities.
It is these common features particularly the holding of demand deposits that distinguished commercial banks from other financial institutions, banks like all other business organization have the commercial objective or primary to objective maximize profit, they do this through granting of loans and generate interest from such loans, this translate into profits to banks in their bid to maximize profit.
According to Clarke (2009) problem loans crises as a result of default in the payment agreement caving undue delay in payment and or possible loss. In the banking industry, problem are often inheritable consequence, which have serious cost implication for banks, conservative lending through suppresses profit while supportive leading the possibility of default.
We are Nigeria’s leading retail bank, we emerge from the largest merger and consolidation in Nigeria’s banking industry following the landmark banking consolidation spearheaded by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) mire financial institutions with competences in investment banking corporate and retail banking came together in January 2006 to form ECO Bank.
The banks have 216 business officers spread across the country and we are working to increase this number in the nearest future it has 7 largest bank by business locations with Head Office at 785, Herbert Macauley Way, Central Business District Abuja, while the Head Office is at Annex 290A Akin Olugbade Street, Victoria Island Lagos.
The Bank have seventeen (17) regional offices in Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland Ibadan, Benin, Port Harcourt, Kano, Abuja, Kaduna, Bauchi, Minna, Maiduguri, Apapa, Enugu, Makurdi, Yola, Dutse, and Sokoto. This helps it to maintain one of the fastest decision making processes in the industry today.
As the Nigerian financial sector grows we are gradually transforming into a financial super-market with subsidiaries covering insurance, pensions fund management, share registration and stock broking. In this regard, we have majority shareholding in Fug Pension Limited, Insurance Brokers, Caranda Management Services Ltd, Pelican Press and Unity Registration Ltd in consolidating this strategic business direction. Eco Bank has equally acquired majority shares in Unity Capital Assurance Plc a leading Insurance Company.
Today the bank is one of the largest employers of labour in Nigeria and contributor in Nigeria and contributor to its gross domestic product (GDP). The bank and its subsidiaries employ about 5,000 people. In the first year of operation the bank grew other balance sheet size 29% profitability also grew by 418% to N2.57 billion which is equivalent to USD 20.43m. The result of the second year of operation also holds great promise.
Services Offered
Eco Bank in line with its mission statement to remain the best in providing financial services and create superior wealth to their shareholders has developed numerous in tech. services and product apart from the traditional product such as saving, current and time deposit accounts. Eco bank provides a lot of other products and services both locally and foreign grouped as follows:
1.2 Statement of Problem
Banks occupy a critical position in a complete financial system that supply the money and credit need of the economy.
Empirical evidence exist which suggest a positive correlation between real economic growth and bank; asset and between money supply, banks asset and economic development are both financial liberalization and repression school of thought see the development of banking as a critical factor in economic development of developing countries like Nigeria, this fact is evident in the assertion that no other financial institution contributes more significantly to the successful functioning of a nation economy than that of commercial banks.
Apart from promoting the payment mechanism, banks after an efficient mechanisms or channel for the mobilization of savings and their allocation to the problem of most commercial banks is in the area of loan default. Banking distress occurs when a bank experiences liquidity or insolvency resulting in a situation where depositors fear the loss of their deposits and a consequent breakdown of contractual obligation.
1.3 Objective of the Study
Although there are certain basic condition and procedures necessary for consummating transaction between the lender (the bank) and the borrower, none of these conditions completely protest the lender against the risk of default if the borrower became irresponsible and unable to pay.
The primary objective of this research will be to find practical means of minimizing the incidence of default on loans in our banks.
To achieve this, the following secondary objectives have been specified:
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